山东冬季近41年气温异常及其海气背景场特征

         杨成芳1,2， 孙即霖 1， 薛德强 2
(1. 山东省气象中心，山东 济南 250031； 2. 中国海洋大学海洋环境学院，山东 青岛 266003)


摘 要： 采用山东省26个站点1961～2001年的月平均气温资料，利用MannKendall突变检验法、线性倾向估计等方法分析了山东省冬季(12月～次年1月)
平均气温的变化特征，并从北半球500hPa位势高度距平场、冷空气活动路径及太平洋海温距平场等方面分析了冬季气温异常的原因。分析发现山东省冬季气
温变化具有明显的阶段性，突变发生在1986年。存在冷冬年欧亚盛行经向环流，暖冬年盛行纬向环流的差异。这可能与冷空路径不同有直接原因。

关键词： 冬季气温异常； 突变； 大气环流； 冷空气路径； 海温  

中图法分类号： P467  文献标识码： A  文章编号： 1672-1574(2004)02-165-08

Analysis of Features of Anomalous Winter Temperature in Shandong Province in Recent 41 Years

YANG Chengfang 1，2, SUN Jilin 1, XUE Deqiang 2 

(1. College of Physical and Environmental Oceanography, Ocean University of China， Qingdao 266003,China； 
2. Meteorological Centre of Shandong Province， Jinan 250031, China)

Abstract： The climatic features of winter average temperature in Shandong Province are analyzed by means of MannKendall method.
In addition, the paths of cold air intrusion the 500hPa height departure and SSTA(Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly) in the same and
preceding months are analyzed.The results show that the winter temperature in Shandong Province has changed markedly in different 
phases.The shift occurred in 1986. The path of cold air is regarded as one of the most important factors which lead to significant 
change in winter average temperature. The 500hPa height anomaly of warm winters bears zonal flow in mid and highlatitudes in 
AsiaEuropean continent,while longitudinal circulation prevailing in cold winters . In warm winter, the SSTA in the equatorial 
eastern Pacific is of the ENSO character in the previous spring and summer , and of the La Nina character in the autumn and 
winter. During the same and previous period in cold winter ,the SSTA in the equatorial eastern Pacific and Nino1+2 region is 
negative.
Key words： winter air temperature anomaly; jump; air circulationa; path of cold air; SSTA


                        山东夏季旱涝指数的振荡特征

         王 庆 1，2， 龚佃利 1,2， 孙即霖 2， 刘诗军 1

(1. 山东省气象科学研究所，山东 济南 250031；2. 中国海洋大学海洋环境学院，山东 青岛 266003)

摘 要: 针对山东旱涝变化规律的特殊性，利用Z指数对山东单站旱涝等级进行了评定，在Z指数的基础上构造了新的区域旱涝指标，对山东1951～2003年区域
旱涝指数进行计算和分类，利用Morlet和Mexican hat小波变换对山东和邻近地区的夏季旱涝指数的振荡规律进行对比分析。结果表明，山东夏季旱涝与华北、
黄淮地区相差较大，山东夏季旱涝具有明显的阶段性和群发性的特征和2～5年的振荡周期。
关键词: 区域旱涝指数；振荡特征；小波分析
中图法分类号： P426.615  文献标识码： A  文章编号： 1672-1574(2004)02-173-09


The oscillatory characteristic of Shandong Summer Rainfall Index

WANG Qing 1，2， GOGN Dianli 1，2， SUN Jilin 2， LIU Shijun 1
(1. The Meteorological Institude of Shandong Province，  Jinan 250031; 2. Ocean University of China, Qingdao 263003, China)

Abstract: The grade indices of eleven observatories in ShanDong Province from 1951 to 2003 are calculated, and a new area index 
of flood and drought is constructed based on eleven observatory grade indices. Classified by Zindex, it was found that there 
were more floods from 1951 to 1965,1970 to 1978,1993 to 1996 and more droughts from 1979 to 1992,1997 to 2001.Analysis using 
method of Morlet and Mexican hat wavelet transform shows that there were 2 to 5 years oscillations in the summer rainfall over 
Shandong which is differ from Huabei and Huanghuai area. 

Key words: index of flood and drought in Shandong; oscillatory characteristic; wavelet analysis




综 述
                养殖比目鱼生殖及其调控机理研究进展

                                               温海深， 宋海霞
                                (中国海洋大学生命科学与技术学部， 山东 青岛 266003) 
      
摘 要： 综述了养殖比目鱼生殖及其调控机理研究的最新进展，包括雌鱼卵巢发育及其外源激素和光温调控，雄鱼精巢发育及其外源激素和光温调控，性

别分化的温度决定机制，早期性别鉴定方法等。旨在为我国比目鱼的养殖和研究提供科学依据。
关键词： 比目鱼； 养殖；生殖
中图法分类号： S961.2  文献标识码： A  文章编号： 1672-1574(2004)02-182-07

The Reproduction and Its Mechanism of RegulationControlling of Flounder in Captivity: A Review

WEN Haishen， SONG Haixia 

(Division of Life Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003， China)

Abstract:  Flounder culture has experienced rapid development all over the world during the last ten years. This paper reviews 
the reproduction and its mechanism of regulationcontrolling of flounder in captivity, including ovarian development of female
the and its inducted reproduction by the hormone and photothermal regimes, testis development of the male and its regulation

controlling by hormone and photothermal regimes, gonadal sex determined by temperature and identification of the sex ratios by 
ultrasonography.
Key words: flounder; captivity; reproduction


            重金属离子对中华绒螯蟹肝胰脏和鳃丝SOD，CAT活力的影响

                                              潘鲁青， 任加云， 吴众望 
                               (中国海洋大学教育部海水养殖重点实验室， 山东 青岛 266003)

摘 要： 研究了3种重金属离子(Cu 2+，Zn 2+,Cd 2+)对中华绒螯蟹肝胰脏和鳃丝SOD，CAT活力的影响。实验结果表明，肝胰脏和鳃丝SOD，CAT活力在3种
重金属离子作用下分别随取样时间变化显著(P<0.05)，对2种抗氧化酶活力的抑制均为肝胰脏＜鳃丝。3种重金属离子在实验时间内对肝胰脏2种抗氧化酶活力
的影响呈峰值变化，低浓度组表现为促进作用，高浓度组在96h时为抑制作用；低浓度组在72h内能提高鳃丝2种抗氧化酶活力，随后下降，至96h时表现为抑制
作用，而高浓度组一直为明显的抑制作用，2种抗氧化酶活力表现出明显的时间、剂量效应关系。因此，肝胰脏和鳃丝SOD，CAT2种抗氧化酶可作为中华绒螯蟹
毒理学的评价指标。
关键词： 重金属离子； 中华绒螯蟹； 肝胰脏； 鳃丝； SOD； CAT
中图法分类号： X503.225  文献标识码： A   文章编号： 1672-1574(2004)02-189-06

Effects of Heavy Metal Ions on SOD，CAT Activities  of Hepatopancreas and Gill of the CrabEriocheir sinensis
PAN Luqing, REN Jiayun, WU Zhongwang
(The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, ministry of education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China)

Abstract: According to the studies of the effects of Cu 2+(0.1～1.0mg/L)，Zn 2+(1.0～10.0mg/L)，Cd 2+(0.05～0.50mg/L) on SOD 
and CAT activities of the hepatopancreas and gill of the crab Eriocheir sinensis. The activities of the two enzymes in the 
hepatopancreas and gill are found changing markedy (P<0.05) with sampling time, but the enzymes of the control groups do not 
change much. The damage degree by the metal ions in the gill is higher than in the hepatopancreas. Effects of the three heavy 
metal ions on the antioxidant enzymes' activities of the hepatopancreas show that they are maximum at certain times. The metal
ions of lower concentrations (Cu 2+≤0.2mg/L, Zn2+≤2.0mg/L, Cd 2+≤0.1mg/L) can increase the enzymes' activities in the 
hepatopancreas, but the other concentrations of the three heavy metals restrain the activities of the  antioxidant enzymes at 
about 96 hours. The two antioxidant enzymes of the gill dealt with heavy metal ions of low concentrations (Cu2+≤0.2mg/L, 
Zn 2+≤2.0mg/L, Cd 2+≤0.1mg/L) increase before 72 hours and then drop, and demonstrate restraining effects at 96 hours. On the 
other hand, the two antioxidant enzymes of the gill dealt with heavy metal ions of higher concentrations show restraining 
effects all the time. Therefore the SOD and CAT in the hepatopancreas and gill can be  used to evaluate the oxidant parameter 
of crab Eriocheir sinensis.
Key words: heavy metal ions; Eriocheir sinensis; hepatopancreas; gill; SOD; CAT


综 述
                     贝类四倍体育种研究进展

                                       王昭萍， 李慷均， 于瑞海， 郑小东， 王如才

                                       (中国海洋大学水产学院， 山东 青岛 266003)

摘 要： 综述了国内外贝类四倍体育种的研究现状和最新进展。四倍体诱导的方法主要有抑制第1极体或同时抑制2个极体的释放、抑制第1次卵裂、细胞融合、
人工雌核发育和利用三倍体诱导四倍体，其中利用三倍体获得四倍体是迄今报道的获得具存活力的四倍体的唯一成功方法。四倍体育种中染色体组操作的结果
除了产生整倍体外，还产生大量的非整倍体。四倍体贝类存活力较低，但具有较高的繁殖力，能产生较大的生殖细胞，并能与二倍体杂交产生100%的三倍体。
关键词： 贝类； 四倍体； 育种
中图法分类号： S968.3    文献标识码： A  文章编号： 1672-1574(2004)02-195-08

Progress of Tetraploid Breeding in Molluscs
WANG Zhaoping, LI Kangjun, YU Ruihai, ZHENG Xiaodong, WANG Rucai

(College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China， Qingdao  266003, China)

Abstract: The progress and status quo of  tepraploid breeding in molluscs in the world is reviewed in this paper. Tetraploids
can be yielded by methods such as inhabiting the first polar body,  blocking mitosis I, cell fusion, artificial gynogenesis 
and using eggs from triploids. Using eggs from triploids has been the only successful approach to yielding viable tetraploids
reported so far. Manipulation of chromosome in tetraploid breeding resulted in not only euploids, but also a great many 
aneuploids. Tetraploid molluscs are of  low viability but high fecundity and can produce larger gametes. Crosses between 
tetraploids and diploids can result in 100% triploids.
Key words: molluscs; tetraploid; breeding



研究简报
               闭合循环水产养殖系统中生物过滤器的水处理效果研究

                                         罗国芝 1，2， 谭洪新 2， 朱学宝 2
                        (1. 同济大学环境科学与工程学院，上海 200092；2. 上海水产大学渔业学院, 上海 200090)

摘 要： 对闭合循环水产养殖系统中生物过滤器生物膜的培养、处理能力等方面进行了研究。试验结果表明，在生产性试验阶段：(1) 系统中添加培养液培养
生物膜，水温在20～22℃时需要11d，生物膜成熟后生物过滤器具有较强的转化能力；(2) 系统稳定后放养暗纹东方豚，连续运行5个月，系统中NH4-N浓度平
均值为0.68mg/L，NO2-N平均值为0.58mg/L。在规模化生产阶段：(1) 不预先培养生物膜，而直接放养饲养对象，这种情况下系统中的水质波动比较明显，
NH4-N，NO-2-N浓度最高值分别为2.22mg/L，1.12mg/L，经过2个月的运行，分别降为0.47mg/L，0.14mg/L；(2) 在系统中加入2.5mg/L的五倍子和
20～30mg/L的生石灰均不影响生物过滤器的处理能力。加入50mg/L的福尔马林和2mg/L的土霉素对生物过滤器的处理能力影响比较明显；(3) 生物过滤器对流
经水体的NH4-N，NO2-N，COD1次性去除率分别为44.79%，20.31%，20.10%。
关键词： 闭合循环系统； 生物过滤器； 水处理
中图法分类号： S953  文献标识码： A  文章编号： 1672-1574(2004)02-203-06

Performance of Biofilter in Closed Recirculating Culture Systems

LUO Guozhi，  TAN Hongxin， ZHU Xuebao
(1. College of vironment Sciences and engineer, tongji University; 2. Department of Fisheries, Fisheries University of Shanghai,
Shanghai 200090, China)

Abstract: The effects of biofilter on water quality in closed culture systems were studied. The results indicated: (1) With 
culture solution added to the system, it needed 11 days for the biofilm to state, which had the buffer capability; (2) With 
fish breeding in the system for five months ,the means of NH4-N and NO2-N were 0.68mg/L, and 0.58mg/L,respectively. 
(3) Introducing  fish into the system without culturing biofilm , the fluctuations in water quality were more obvious. 
The highest concentrations of NH4-N and NO2-N were 2.22mg/L and 1.12mg/L,respectively (4) Adding 2.5mg/L WuBeizi and 
20～30mg/L CaO to the experimental system could not influence the treatment capability of the biofilter, but 50mg/L formalin 
and 2mg/L oxytetracycline inhibited the nitrification of the  biofilter. (5) The biofilter's lumpsum removal rates of 

NH4-N, NO2-N and COD were 44.79%, 20.31% and 20.1% respectively.
Key words: closed recirculating culture system; biofilter; Water treatment


           低盐度水体南美白对虾对饲料中钙、磷的需求

                                                  黄 凯 1,2, 王 武 2

摘 要： 低盐度水体中，以不同钙、磷含量的试验饲料对南美白对虾(Penaeus vannamei)幼虾(0.017 9±0.002 8)g进行饲养试验。结果表明，饲料钙磷的
交互作用对南美白对虾的特定生长率、成活率及饲料系数有显著的影响(P<0.05)。饲料中不添加钙、磷，南美白对虾幼虾的生长、成活率和饲料系数最差；
饲料中钙、磷添加量分别为0.8%，1.2%时，南美白对虾生长最好。饲料钙、磷对南美白对虾体组织钙、磷含量存在显著的影响(P<0.05)。特定生长率与肌肉
Ca/P比，甲壳厚/体质量比呈显著负相关关系。
关键词： 南美白对虾； 钙；  磷； 低盐度水体
中图法分类号: S963.16  文献标识码： A  文章编号： 1672-1574(2004)03-209-08

Requirements of Penaeus vannamei in Low Salinity Water  for Dietary Phosphorus and Calcium

HUANG Kai1, WANG Wu2, KONG Lifang1, HUANG Huahui1

(1. College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University，Nanning 530005, China;
2. Fisheries College, Shanghai Fisheries University， Shanghai 200090, China)

Abstract： Juvenile Penaeus vannamei held in low salinity water and weighing an average of (0.0179±0.0028)g were fed with 
purified diet containing different amounts of calcium and phosphorus.The final result shows that the specific growth 

rate(SPR), survival rate(SR) and food conversion ratio(FCR) correlated  positively with dietary calcium and phosphorus 
levels(P<0.05).Shrimp fed a diet without phosphorus and calcium supplement had significantly the poorest specific growth 

rate, survival rate and feed conversion. When fed a diet which 0.8% calcium and 1.2% phosphorus were added to, the shrimp 
had the best growth. The effects of dietary level of phosphorus and calcium on the  phosphorus and calcium contents in

 different tissues were significant(P<0.05).Significant correlation between the specific growth rate and Ca∶P ratio of 
the muscle, as well as the specific growth rate and exoskeleton thickness∶body weight ratio was observed.
Key words：  Penaeus vannamei； phosphorus； calcium； low salinity water



          不饱和古罗糖醛酸三糖和甘露糖醛酸三糖的结构表征

                                                续 旭 1， 于广利 1
(1. 中国海洋大学 海洋药物与食品研究所， 山东 青岛 266003； 2. 长崎大学 水产学部， 日本 长崎 8528521)

摘 要: 以双功能褐藻胶裂解酶(Pseudoalteromonas sp. strain No. 272)分别降解均聚古罗糖醛酸(PG)和均聚甘露糖醛酸(PM)，经Bio-Gel-P6和
POROS-HQ20分离得到2种三糖纯品，经ESI－MS， 1H-NMR， 13C-NMR， 1H-1H COSY， 1H-13C HMQC确定其结构为Δ 4,5-古罗糖醛酸-α (1→4)－
L-古罗糖醛酸-α( 1→4)-L-古罗糖醛酸(简写为ΔGG)和Δ 4,5-甘露糖醛酸-β (1→4)-D-甘露糖醛酸β (1→4)－D－甘露糖醛酸(ΔMM)，为进一步
从事构效关系研究提供结构信息。
关键词： 褐藻胶； 古罗糖醛酸三糖； 甘露糖醛酸三糖； ESI/MS；NMR
中图法分类号： R282.77  文献标识码： A  文章编号： 1672-1574(2004)02-217-07

Structure Characterization of Unsaturated Triguluronate  and Trimannuronate

XU Xu 1， YU Guangli 1 ， LIU Bin 1 ， XU Jiamin 1，  

Iwamoto Yoshiko 2， Muramatsu Tsuyoshi 2
(1. Institute of Marine Drug and Food, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China； 2. Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki 
University, Nagasaki 8528521, Japan)

Abstract: Two kinds of unsaturated trisaccharides were prepared by digesting polyguluronate (PG) and polymannuronate (PM) with 
bifunctional alginate lyase, which purified from Pseudoalteromonas sp. strain No. 272. The trisaccharides were purified on Bio
GelP6 and POROSHQ20 column, respectively. Using IR, ESI/MS, 1H－NMR, 13C－NMR, 1H－1H COSY and 1H－13C HMQC techniques 
characterized the structure. The structure of unsaturated triguluronate is Δ4,5－guluronate－α (1→4)－L－ guluronate－α－(1→4)－L guluronate (ΔGG) and unsaturated trimannuronate is Δ4,5mannuronateβ(1→4)D mannuronate β (1→4)Dmannuronate 
(ΔMM). The structural character of these marine acidic oligosaccharides can further be used in structureactivity relationship
studies.
Key words: alginate; triguluronate; trimannuronate; ESI/MS; NMR



          南海北部金线鱼生长、死亡和最适开捕体长研究

                                    王雪辉 1， 邱永松 1， 杜飞雁 1,2


             (1. 中国水产科学研究院南海水产研究所, 广东 广州 510300； 2. 上海水产大学，上海 200090) 

摘 要： 根据1997～1999年期间在南海北部海域采集的金线鱼生物学资料，应用FiSATⅡ软件进行金线鱼的生长和死亡参数估算。用ELEFANⅠ技术拟合的
von Bertalanffy生长方程参数分别为L∞＝33.08cm，k＝0.30a -1及t0＝-0.86a，用Pauly经验公式计算的自然死亡系数为M＝0.68，以长度变换
渔获曲线法估算陆架区和北部湾的总死亡系数分别为2.07和2.02。运用BevertonHolt模型分析的结果表明，该群体的最适捕捞死亡系数为F＝2.4，
最适开捕年龄和体长分别为1.8a和16.5cm。研究表明，目前该群体已处捕捞过度状态，尤以捕捞幼鱼的问题较为突出。为可持续利用金线鱼资源，
建议南海北部金线鱼的最小可捕规格应为体长16.5cm。

关键词： 金线鱼； 生长； 死亡； 最适开捕体长； ELEFAN技术； 南海北部
中图法分类号： S931.1  文献标识码： A   文章编号：1672-1574(2004)02-224-07

Study on the Growth, Mortality and Optimum Catchable Size  of Nemipterus Virgatus in the Northern South China Sea

WANG Xuehui， QIU Yongsong， DU Feiyan 1，2

(1. South China Sea Fisheries Institute，Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences，Guangzhou 510300，China；
 2. Shanghai Fisheries Vniversity, Shanghai 200090, China)

Abstract: Based on biological data of threadfin bream Nemipterus virgatus (Houttuyn) collected in northern South 
China Sea during 1997～1999, the growth and mortality parameters of stock were estimated using the FiSATⅡpack

age. The growth parameters in the von Bertalanffy formula estimated with ELEFANⅠwere L∞＝33.08cm (body length), k＝0.30a -1, 
and t0＝-0.86a respectively. The natural mortality calculated with Pauly's empirical equation was M＝0.68. The total mortality 
on the continental shelf and in Beibu bay estimated using the lengthconverted catch curve was Z＝2.07 and 2.02. The results 
of assessment using the BevertonHolt model indicated that the optimum catchable age and the optimum body length was 1.8a 
and 16.5cm. The stock has been over exploited mainly due to capture of undersize juvenile fish. It is suggested that the 
legal body length at first capture of threadfin bream in the northern South China Sea should be 16.5cm.
Key words: Nemipterus virgatus; growth; mortality; optimum catchable size; ELEFAN technique; northern South China Sea 


           黄鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)脑组织AChE的亲和层析

                                            朱小山, 孟范平,  何东海
                        (中国海洋大学海洋生命学院环境与生态工程研究室，山东 青岛 266003)

摘 要： 采用亲和层析法对黄鱼脑组织的乙酰胆碱酯酶进行分离纯化。纯化酶最大比活力为63.136U/mg蛋白，最适pH为8，最适反应温度为35℃。此酶经过
SDSPAGE呈一条带，表明其纯度达电泳纯。对纯化酶进行底物特异性、过量底物抑制效应和抑制剂选择性检验，结果证实该酶为乙酰胆碱酯酶。

关键词： 黄鱼； 乙酰胆碱酯酶； 分离纯化
中图法分类号： Q5  文献标识码： A  文章编号： 1672-1574(2004)02-231-07

Purification and Partial Biochemical Characterization of Acetylcholinesterase from Hexagrammos otakii

ZHU Xiaoshan，  MENG Fanping， HE Donghai
(College of Marine Life Science，Ocean University of China， Qingdao 266003, China)

Abstract: The brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) from Hexagrammos otakii is purified by affinity chromatography. 
The specific activity of the enzyme is 63.136 U/mg protein. The optimal pH of the enzyme is 8.0 and the optimal temperature 
is 35℃. The SDSPAGE analysis of the purified enzyme preparation shows one band by protein staining. ATCh is observed to 
be hydrolyzed by this purified enzyme but BTCh is not. An exceeded substrate can inhibit the activity of this enzyme. 
In addition, it can be inhibited by BW284C51 (a selective inhibitor for AChE) and not by isoOMPA ［a selective inhibitor 
for butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE,EC 3.1.1.8)］. Thus, the purified enzyme is confirmed to be a true AChE.
Key words: Hexagrammos otakii;  acetylcholinesterase(AChE);   purification



       天然海水中硫酸锌、葡萄糖酸钙和APG等复合碳钢缓蚀剂的研究

                                                 穆振军， 杜 敏

                             (中国海洋大学化学化工学院， 山东 青岛 266003)

摘 要： 通过正交实验确定了硫酸锌、葡萄糖酸钙和APG(C0810)复配的3元缓蚀剂最佳复配比为4∶1∶2。用失重法测得该3元缓蚀剂在350mg/L时对碳钢缓蚀
率为92.8%，但试样表面存在局部腐蚀。为了抑制试样局部腐蚀的发生，采用失重法从几种常用缓蚀组分中筛选出硅酸钠和钨酸钠作为3元缓蚀剂的添加剂组
成5元缓蚀剂，通过正交实验确定了组分间的最佳复配比。用失重法确定了5元缓蚀剂的临界浓度为280mg/L，此时对碳钢缓蚀率为93.8%，并有效抑制了局部
腐蚀的发生。从而得到了天然海水中1种有效抑制碳钢局部腐蚀的低毒、高效复合缓蚀剂。据极化曲线分析可以确定该5元缓蚀剂是1种抑制阳极过程为主的
混合型缓蚀剂。
关键词： 缓蚀剂； 天然海水； 碳钢； 局部腐蚀
中图法分类号： P714 +.5；P755.3  文献标识码： A  文章编号： 1672-1574(2004)02-238-07 


A Study of Compound Inhibitors Composed of ZnSO4,CaGl  and APG for Mild Steel in Natural Seawater

MU Zhenjun DU Min
(College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China， Qingdao 266003， China)

Abstract: The best weight ratio of calcium gluconate, ZnSO4 and APG was studied by Latin experiment. Local corrosion was 
found on mild steel after this threecompound corrosion inhibitor was added. In order to prevent local corrosion Na2SiO3 
and Na2WO4 were added to form a fivecompound corrosion inhibitor. The best weight ratio of calcium gluconate，ZnSO4，
APG，Na2SiO3 and Na2WO4 was studied by Latin experiment too. The critical concentration of the fivecompound corrosion 
inhibitor was studied by weight loss. The inhibitor can inhibit local corrosion well at the critical concentration. In this way, 
a kind of high effect corrosion inhibitor was obtained.
Key words: corrosion inhibitor； natural seawater； mild steel； local corrosion



                  我国沙尘暴与赤潮的相关性研究

                                    邢 磊， 张正斌， 林 彩， 吴真真， 谭丽菊
                               (中国海洋大学化学化工学院海洋化学研究所， 山东 青岛 266003)

摘 要： 总结了近十几年来我国北方沙尘暴和近海赤潮的危害和发生趋势并对两者间的相关性做了初步分析。结果显示：我国东海和南海赤潮的发生受沙尘暴
的影响很小，而黄海和渤海赤潮的发生与北方的沙尘暴有一定的相关性。要正确估价沙尘暴对海洋生态系(包括赤潮)的影响，必须对沙尘暴的迁移规律、入海
通量以及沙尘暴粒子在海洋中的物化反应做详细的调查和研究。
关键词： 沙尘暴； 赤潮； 相关性
中图法分类号： X513；X55  文献标识码： A  文章编号： 1672-1574(2004)02-245-08

Study on the Correlation Between Dust Storms and Red Tides
XING Lei， ZHANG Zhengbin， LIN Cai， WU Zhenzhen， TAN Liju

(Institute of Marine Chemistry, College of chemistry and chemical engineering, Ocean University of China,Qingdao 266003, China)

Abstract： The damage of and occurrence trend of dust storms in North China and coastal red tides in North of China are 
summarized, and the correlation between the storms and the tides is analysed. The results indicate that red tides in the East 
China Sea and the South China Sea are rarely influenced by dust storms in China. However red tides in the Yellow Sea and the 
Bohai Sea are relative to dust storms in North of China. Further investigation and study of dust storms need to be conducted 
in terms of their transfer laws, airtosea fluxes and chemical reactions in sea water so as to estimate accurately the 
effect of duststorms on the marine ecological system (including red tides). 
Key words： dust storm;  red tide;  relation

            长江河口南支水域溶解氧动力学模型的应用

                                             杨 斌， 翟雪梅， 王 强
                                        (中国海洋大学， 山东 青岛266003)


摘 要： 应用Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO)的环境生态动力学模型Femme，在长江河口南支河段建立了1个一维的溶解氧动力学预测模型。
运用此模型得出该区域深解氧和有机物时空分布情况并加以分析，结果显示该区域的有机物污染并不严重，其分布趋势大体为：排污口附近污染较多，
枯水期更为明显；丰水期由于长江径流的稀释作用，有机物浓度大大降低；黄浦江、上海竹园排污口处有机物浓度最大。此结果同各种参考文献中提供的
资料和观测值基本一致，也基本证实这是1个可行的预测溶解氧的模式。
关键词： 溶解氧；长江口；河口；有机污染物；动力学模型
中图法分类号： X171   文献标识码： A    文章编号：1672-1574(2004)02-253-08

A 1D Oxygen Hydrodynamic Model for the Southern Part  of the Yangtze Estuary

YANG Bin， ZHAI Xuemei， WANG Qiang
(Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003,China )

Abstract: Based on the environment model 'Femme', a 1D budget model for the southern part of the Yangtze Estuary is built, 
in which three state variables are considered. They are dissolved oxygen(DO),organic matter and salinity. the inflows include 
runoff from land,tidal flow,sewage discharge. The seasonal changes of DO, organic matter and salinity in the Yangtze Estuary 
have been modeled in this work. And the modeled results show that in flood season the concentration of DO is the lowest in 
the whole year; and the concentration of DO in summer is lower than in the whole winter. The spatial distribution of DO 
appears is that lowest concentration of DO appears in the areas where there is much organic matter. The waste water,inflow,
temperature and wind are the most important factors that influence the spatial and temporal concentration distributions 
of DO.
Key words: DO; the Yangtze Estuary; waste organic matters; hydrodynamic model



                从厌氧反应器的发展谈UASB反应器的改良

                                                管锡郡 1,2， 郑西来 1

                         (1. 中国海洋大学，山东 青岛 266003；2. 青岛建筑工程学院，山东 青岛 266033)

摘 要： 对厌氧反应器的发展沿革、技术现状和研究进展进行了较为全面的总结。介绍了第1代、第2代和第3代厌氧反应器的特点及应用状况。分

析了厌氧反应器的发展趋势，对比了EGSB、IC反应器与UASB反应器的结构特征，提出并验证了改良UASB反应器。结果显示，改良UASB反应器有利于
提高负荷和设备开发。
关键词： 厌氧； 反应器； 废水处理； 上升流速； 颗粒污泥
中图法分类号： X703  文献标识码： A  文章编号： 1672－1574(2004)02－261－08


Modifed Version of Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket(UASB)  Reactor Based on the Development of Anaerobic Reactors

GUAN Xijun 1,2， ZHENG Xilai 1
(1. Ocean University of China, Qingdao  266003, China; 
2.  Qingdao Institute of Architecture and Engineering, Qingdao 266033，China)

Abstract： In this paper, the development history, current situation and advance in research of anaerobic reactors are 
summarized systematically. The characteristics and application situation of the first,  second and third generation 
anaerobic reactors are described. The developing direction of anaerobic reactors is introduced. Comparing the structure 
characters of  the UASB reactor with the EGSB and IC reactors, the feasible modified method of the UASB reactor is put 

forward and verified. The modified UASB reactor is beneficial to raising the COD loading and  developing appliances.
Key words： anaerobic;  reactor; wastewater treatment;  upflow velocity; granulation sludge



          海洋走航式单边连续观测地震折射波Δt解释方法——
                               1种新的浅层折射单支时距曲线解释方法


                                     薛荣俊， 隋 波， 薛 巍， 张政民， 田振兴
                                        (中国海洋大学，山东 青岛 266003)


摘 要： 在浅层工程折射地震测量中，通常采用相遇观测系统采集数据和相应的解释方法进行解释；对于单边观测采集方法由于与其相应的解释方法较少
而较少被采用。本文提出一种方法简单、精度可靠、可直接利用同一点相邻2排列2次观测的初至折射时间并适合于海洋走航式单边连续观测系统的折射初至
资料解释方法。其精度基本与同观测段的采用相遇观测的差异时距方法解释的精度十分接近。该方法即适合于人工解释又适合于计算机自动解释。
关键词： 海洋工程地震； 单边观测； Δt解释方法
中图法分类号： D315.9  文献标识码： A  文章编号： 1672－1574(2004)02－269－04

A Δt Interpretation Method for Seismic Refraction TimeDistance Curve with continuous Unreversed Refraction Profiles at 
Shallow Sea

XUE Rongjun， SUI Bo， XUE wei ZHANG Zhengmin， TIAN Zhenxing
(Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China)

Abstract: In this paper, a new simple and accurate interpretation method about the refraction data is presented. The first 
arrival  refracted time of the same receiving point for the two next layouts is used directly, which has approximate 

accuracy of the reversed survey method. It can be used to interpret the artificial and automatic methods.
Key words: marine engineering survey;  oneside profiles survey;  Δt interpretation method


              黄河水下三角洲海底斜坡波致稳定性分析

                                    李安龙 1,2, 杨荣民 1,2, 曹立华 1,2, 孙映涛
       （1. 中国海洋大学海洋地球科学学院，山东 青岛  266003；2. 山东省海底资源与探测技术重点实验室， 山东 青岛 266003）


摘 要： 本文以Iversion的海底稳定渗流理论为基础，运用静力极限平衡方法和库仑破坏准则，提出了以海底水下斜坡坡度、沉积物有效内摩擦角和内聚力
为自变量，波浪在海底产生的孔压梯度为参变量的海底稳定性分析方法。并给出了黄河水下三角洲不同土质所需的临界孔压梯度判断曲线，预测了黄河水下
三角洲的海底稳定性，其分析结果与实测资料吻合良好。
关键词： 底坡失稳； 波浪作用； 临界孔压梯度； 土工特性
中图法分类号： P736.21 ＋3  文献标识码： A  文章编号：1672－1574(2004)02－273－08


Analysis of WaveInduced Slope Stability in  Subaqueous Huanghe Delta Areas
LI Anlong 1,2, YANG Rongmin 1,2， CAO Lihua 1,2， SUN Yingtao 1,2

(1. College of  Marine Geoscience, Ocean Universtity  of China， Qingdao266003, China;
2. Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Submarine Resource and Survey Technology, Qingdao  266003, China) 

Abstract： Waveinduced waterhead variation may cause steady seepage of pore water in the seabed, producing or leading to 
instability of the submarine slope. The paper presents a general procedure for the analysis of the relationships among 
sedimental effective internal friction angle, cohesion, submarine slope angle and critical pore water pressure gradient that
causes soils to fail by using a simple limit equilibrium analysis method and the Coulomb failure criterion. The numerical
results of critical pore water pressure gradient that causes different soils of the subaqueous Huanghe delta areas to fail 
are presented in convenient graphical form. Some illustrative field studies are also presented.
Key words: slope failure; wave action; critical pore water pressure gradient; Geotechnical properties





         东太平洋中部始新世/渐新世界线陨石撞击的地球化学证据

                                          尹延鸿 1， 万天丰 2， 孙嘉诗 1
                      (1. 青岛海洋地质研究所， 山东 青岛 266071； 2. 中国地质大学， 北京 100083)


摘 要： 对于ODP提供的深海钻探573B孔始新统顶部渐新统底部的地质样品进行了化学分析、等离子体光谱分析、等离子体质谱分析和微玻璃陨石的挑选等，
结合附近区域的其它地质资料，探讨了东太平洋中部始新世末、渐新世初地层的地球化学特征。根据始新世末期东太平洋地区多种海洋微体古生物灭绝、大面积
微玻璃陨石(或微球粒陨石)分布、地球化学特征异常等，说明该时期有明显的突变性地质事件发生，很可能是由于陨击作用造成的。
关键词： 含金属粘土层； 地球化学； 微玻璃陨石； 陨击
中图法分类号： P736   文献标识码： A  文章编号： 1672－1574(2004)02－281－08

The Geochemical Features of the Meteorite Impact Around Eocene/ Oligocene Boundary Layer in Central Eastern Pacific Region 

YIN Yanhong 1， WAN Tianfeng 2， SUN Jiashi 1

(1. Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao 266071, China； 2. China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China)
  
Abstract： The geochemical features of the strata from the Upper Eocene to Lower Oligocene in the central eastern Pacific 
are studied by analysing the samples from the  Site 573 provided by the ODP and other information in this area.  
The boundary layer between the Eocene and Oligocene is a layer of metalliferous claystone which is about 3.4m thick. 
The metalliferous claystone is of special geological and geochemical characteristics and contains abundant Fe and Fegroup 
elements such as Ni，Co and Ir, which may imply that this layer was formed by an extraterrestrial impact.Microspherules 
(microtektites or microkrystites) are also found in the layer, especially at the bottom of the layer. These characteristics 
indicate that the formation of the metalliferous claystone may have some relationship with meteorite impact. According to 
the characteristics and composition of the strata between the Late Eocene and the Early Oligocene, the extinction of many 
organisms, and the distribution of microspherules, we suggest that a catastrophic event might have occurred at the end of 
the Eocene in the central Eastern Pacific. The catastrophic event may have been caused by a meteorite that impacted the Pacific 
Plate.
Key words: metalliferous claystone; geochemical features; microtektites; meteorite impact


          长江三峡工程库区龙王庙滑坡群稳定性分析及整治

                                       彭轩明 1、2， 贾永刚 3， 常 宏 2

          (1. 中国地质大学， 北京 100083； 2. 宜昌地质矿产研究所， 湖北 宜昌 443003； 3. 中国海洋大学， 山东 青岛 266003)

摘 要： 现场地质勘测结果表明，龙王庙滑坡是个由6个单体滑坡组成的滑坡群。通过室内试验、反演及工程地质类比，确定了滑带抗剪强度指标。采用传递
系数法及SARMA法，针对三峡工程蓄水后7种不同工况组合，对龙王庙滑坡群的稳定性进行了定量评价。在此基础上，依据地质环境保护与土地资源有效利用
协调一致的原则，制定了龙王庙滑坡群的综合整治方案。
关键词： 三峡库区； 龙王庙滑坡群； 稳定性分析； 整治方法
中图法分类号： X141  文献标识码： A  文章编号： 1672－1574(2004)02－289－08


Stability Analysis and Control of Longwangmiao Landslides in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

PENG Xuanming 1，2, JIA Yonggang 3, CHANG Hong 2

(1. Engineering College of Chinese Geological University, Beijing 100083， China; 
2. Yichang Institute of Geology and Mineral Resoures,Yichang 443003, China; 
3. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China)

Abstract: Practical geological survey reveals that longwangmiao landslides are a massive colony that consists of 6 single 
slopes.  The parameters of antishear strength of the sliding zones were determined by laboratory test , inversion and 
engineering geology analogy. A stability analysis is conducted by the transfer coefficient and SARMA methods for seven 
working occasions when the Three Gorges Project is completed and the impoundment is implemented. Then, a comprehensive 

control scheme of Longwangmiao landslides is proposed after considering both geological environmental protection and effective 
land utilization.
Key words: three Gorges reservoir area；  Longwangmiao landslide massive colony；  stability analysis; control scheme


             基于EMD与神经网络的机械故障诊断技术

                                       赵犁丰， 周晨赓， 仲京臣
                             （中国海洋大学电子工程系，山东 青岛 266071）

摘 要： 经验模式分解（EMD）是分析非线性、非平稳信号的有力工具，它将信号分解为突出了原信号的不同时间尺度的局部特征信息的内在模函数
（IMF）分量。本文通过将各IMF分量输入到BP网络中进行训练学习和故障诊断，比直接输入原信号可以提高BP网络对故障诊断的准确率，而且减少了训练时间。
关键词： 经验模式分解（EMD）； 内在模函数（IMF）； 神经网络（ANN）； 故障诊断
中图法分类号： TP389.1  文献标识码： A  文章编号： 1672－1574(2004)02－297－06

Fault Diagnosis Based on EMD and Neural Networks 
ZHAO Lifeng， ZHOU Chengeng， ZHONG Jingchen
(Department of Electronic Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071， China)

Abstract: In this paper, the advantage of the EMD method combined with the BP artificial nerve net (ANN) is studied. 
The experiments show that the training time and accuracy of the ANN, whose inputs are IMFs instead of original signals, are

 improved.  
Key words： empirical mode decomposition(EMD)； intrinsic mode functions(IMF)； artificial nerve net(ANN)； fault diagnosis


                    基于顶点度的多分辨率表示
                                                
                                                     秦 勃， 纪筱鹏
                                     (中国海洋大学计算机系，山东 青岛 266003)

摘 要： 针对边收缩算法在计算大曲率面距离公差时计算量大，且收缩大曲率面所含的线段时易使关键点发生偏移而引起模型变动过大、简化不够准确的问题，
本文在边收缩算法基础上提出了加入顶点度控制的算法，以减少大曲率面距离公差的冗余计算，并提高模型简化质量。实验表明该算法能提高模型简化质量，
并加快图形收缩的生成速度。
关键词： 模型简化;边收缩;顶点度
中图法分类号： TP391.41  文献标识码： A  文章编号： 1672－1574(2004)02－303－06

Surface Simplification Based on Vertex Degree

QIN Bo, JI Xiaopeng
(Department of Computer,  Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China)

Abstract: Edge collapse algorithm needs much computation to measure an accurate geometric error for a highly curved and thin 
region, and contracting the edges for such a region often makes some key points  move so as some important features tend to get 
lost. To overcome such a drawback , we control the edge contraction in order to reduce the computation to measure an accurate 
geometric error for a highly curved and thin region and to improve the quality of the contraction by adding vertex degree. 
The results of our algorithm show that this means can improve the quality of the contraction and make the contraction faster.
Key words: surface simplification; edge contraction; vertex degree



               色散缓变光纤中脉冲频谱演变的研究
                              
                                           王 进， 王 晶， 谷志丹
                              (中国海洋大学科学与工程物理系， 山东 青岛 266071)


摘 要：采用数值计算的方法研究了高斯脉冲的频谱在色散缓变光纤中的传输特性及初始啁啾对频谱演变的影响。结果表明：色散缓变光纤可以有效的抑制
频谱的展宽，将其应用到超长距离光纤通信系统是可行的；初始啁啾使脉冲频谱严重展宽，应采取消啁啾的措施。

关键词：色散缓变光纤；啁啾；频谱 
中图分类号：O473  文献标识码：A    文章编号：1672－1574(2004)02－309－04


A Study of Spectrum of Pulse in DecreasingDispersion Fiber
WANG Jin， WANG Jing， GU Zhidan
(Department of Physics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003， China)

Abstract: In this paper the transmission characteristics of the spectrum of a Gauss pulse in decreasingdispersion fiber 
and the influence on its spectrum evolution by initial chirp are investigated by numerical calculation. The result shows that 
the decreasingdispersion fiber can restrain effectively the widening of the spectrum of a Gauss pulse compared to single model 
fiber. Therefore it is practical to use it in an extralong distance optical communication system. As the initial chirp can 
increase the width of a spectrum seriously, it is essential to take measures to obliterate it.
Key words: decreasingdispersion fiber; chirp; spectrum


船载海洋生态环境现场监测集成示范系统硬件平台设计

崔洪渊 李 欣
(中国海洋大学电子工程系，山东 青岛 266071)

摘 要： 本文提出利用快速以太网技术实现“船载海洋生态环境现场监测集成示范系统”硬件平台的设计方案,阐述了将船载设备集成于以太网协议转换器的
软硬件设计与实现。协议转换器采用Rabbit 2000微处理器及Dynamic C语言开发，主要完成RS232标准串口协议与TCP/IP协议之间的转换，利用协议转换器
不但可以使原本不具备以太网接口的船载串行设备方便地联入到网络中，还可以延伸设备和主机之间的联接距离，并由此搭建船载集成系统的硬件平台。
关键词： 船载设备集成系统； 硬件平台； 协议转换； Rabbit微处理器
中图法分类号： X171.1；TP93  文献标识码： A  文章编号：1672－154(2004)02－313－05

Design of the Hardware Platform of a Shipborne  Integrated System

CUI Hongyuan， LI Xin
(Department of Electronic Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China)

Abstract： The paper puts  forward a plan of  design of the hardware platform of the shipborne integrated marine environment 
field monitoring demonstrating system  utilizing the fast speed Ethernet technology, and expounds the design and  implement of 
the protocol converter used in the shipborne integrated system. The protocol converter is based on the Rabbit 2000 
microprocessor and developed by using the Dynamic C language. The function of the protocol converter is to realize the conversion of the standard RS232 serial port protocol to the

 TCP/IP protocol, making the shipborne facilities with the RS232 serial port connected to the net and completing the design of 
the hardware platform of the shipborne integrated system. 
Key words: shipborne facilities integrated system； hardware platform； protocol conversion； Rabbit microprocessor



考虑桩土作用独桩海洋平台横向振动特性研究
王 腾， 董 胜， 李华军

(中国海洋大学工程学院，山东 青岛 266071)
摘 要： 采用动Winkler弹性地基梁模型模拟桩土间动力相互作用，并考虑了流体与桩间相互作用，通过组合成层土中、水中桩单元的刚度阵，推得了独桩
海洋平台连续系统横向振动的动刚度阵及在波浪力作用下平台甲板处的频率响应函数，进而求得了在确定性波浪力及随机波浪力作用下桩身任意点的位移响应。
最后，通过算例研究和分析了在随机波浪力作用下成层土参数、甲板上重量及冲刷淘深等因素对平台振动响应的影响。
关键词： 桩土相互作用； 横向振动； 独桩海洋平台； 动刚度
中图法分类号： U656.6  文献标识码： A  文章编号： 1672－1574－(2004)02－318－07


Study on the Lateral Dynamic Behavior of Single Pile Supported  Offshore Platform Considering PileSoil Interaction

WANG Teng， DONG Sheng， LI Huaju
(College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003， China) 

Abstract: The lateral dynamic stiffness matrix and frequency response function of a single pile supported offshore platform 
are obtained by means of combining all the pile elements stiffness matrixes solved from the calculated models of pile, soil and 
fluid, in which the interaction of pile and soil is modeled as a dynamic Winkler medium and the fluidpile interaction is 
considered. Thus the dynamic response at an arbitrary position along the pile under determinate or stochastic wave loading 
can be obtained. Then the influences of some parameters such as layered soil shear modulus, equipment mass on the deck and 
the depth of scooping on the dynamic behavior of the single pile platform under wave force action are discussed through a 
calculation sample.
Key words: interaction of soil and pile; lateral vibration; single pile supported platform；dynamic stiffness


            增长曲线模型误差方差的二次型估计可容许的必要条件

                                                 张立振， 赵建昕
                  (1. 中国海洋大学数学系， 山东 青岛 266071；2.  海军潜艇学院数学教研室， 山东 青岛 266071)

摘 要： 对于增长曲线模型Y=ABC+ε，Eε=0,cov(v）ecε=σ 2(Ip⊙Gn)，在二次损失函数下，研究了当A为非行满秩矩阵时误差方差的二次型估计的
容许性，并得出二次型估计可容许的必要条件。
关键词： 增长曲线模型； 误差方差； 二次型估计； 容许性
中图法分类号： O212  文献标识码： A  文章编号： 1672－1574(2004)02－325－05

The Admissible Necessary Condition of Quadratic Estimate of Error  Variance on Growth Curve Model

ZHANG Lizhen 1， ZHAO Jianxin 2
(1. Department of Mathematics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China; 2. Navy Submarine Academy, Qingdao  266071, China)


Abstract: For the growth curve model Y=ABC+ε，Eε=0,cov(v）ecε =σ2(Ip⊙Gn）and the quadratic loss function, a necessary 
condition that the quadratic estimate of error variance is admissible is obtained when A is not a full row rank matrix.
Key words: growth curve model; error variance; quadratic estimate; admissibility
AMS Subject Classifications:  62H12



               解四阶拟线性波动方程的一类二阶差分格式

                                                王 震， 谢树森
                                    (中国海洋大学数学系， 山东 青岛 266071)

摘 要:  建立了解一类四阶拟线性耗散、色散波动方程初边值问题的CrankNicolson差分方法，并结合外推的技巧，给出了1个线性化方法；证明了差分解
的存在唯一性；用能量估计的方法证明了此格式的二阶收敛性和无条件稳定性；给出了一些数值结果。
关键词: 四阶波动方程； 差分法； 收敛性； 稳定性
中图法分类号：  O241.82  文献标识码： A   文章编号： 1672－1574(2004)02－330－07

A Class of SecondOrder Accurate Finite Difference Schemes For ForthOrder QuasiLinear Wave Equations

WANG Zhen， XIE Shusen
(Department of Mathematics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China)

Abstract： In this paper, the CrankNicolson difference schemes are devised for fourthorder quasilinear dispersive
dissipative wave equations. The existence and the uniqueness of the difference solution are proved. By using the energy 
method, the secondorder convergence and unconditional stability of the schemes are proved. By the extrapolation technique, 
the linearized schemes are devised. Some numerical results are presented.  
Key words: fourthorder wave equation; finite difference scheme; convergence; stability
AMS Subject Classification: 65M06


一种产生Fuzzy拓扑和Smooth拓扑的方法及其应用

岳跃利， 方进明
(中国海洋大学数学系， 山东 青岛 266071)

摘 要: 本文利用邻域度给出了1种由fuzzy拓扑产生smooth拓扑的方法;利用smooth拓扑的自身结构给出了smooth拓扑产生fuzzy拓扑的方法，讨论了它们
在映射间的联系并引入了强smooth拓扑并获得了一些重要结果。 
关键词： fuzzy 拓扑; smooth 拓扑; 强smooth 拓扑
中图法分类号： O189.13  文献标识码： A    文章编号： 1672－1574(2004)02－337－04 


A Method to Generate Fuzzy Topology and Smooth Topology and Its Applications

YUE Yueli， FANG Jinming
(Department of Mathematics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071， China)
Abstract： In this paper,a method is presented to generate smooth topology from fuzzy topology by neighborhood degree and a 
method to generate fuzzy topology from smooth topology by the structure of smooth topology, then the mapping between them is 
discussed. Finally the concept of strongly smooth topology is introduced and some important results are obtained.
Key words： fuzzy topology; smooth topology; strongly smooth topology
AMS Subject classifications: 54A40